Exploring the Rotator Cuff of the Hip

Today’s guest post was written by guest author Jennifer Cataldo of the NeuroStudio Mentorship Program

Hip cuff? What the heck is a hip cuff? That’s what I first thought when I heard the term from Meghann Koppele in the Pilates for Neurological Conditions workshop. Sure, I knew the basic anatomy of the hip: a ball and socket joint that includes the musculature that makes the leg flex, extend, abduct and adduct, but for some reason I never connected the similarities between the hip and the rotator cuff of the shoulder.

Meghann's very simple introduction to a new-to-me term inspired me to explore the function of the hip more deeply. When I think of the rotator cuff of the shoulder, I think of the mechanical stability it provides to the shoulder. I naively assumed that that the hip was naturally more protected as a result of gravity’s force on our body weight, which presses the head of the femur into the socket, thereby creating greater stability. To some degree this is true, in a perfectly functioning body (a what?) and when the foot is actually on the ground (closed chain). However, when you take into consideration sedentary lifestyles, compensatory movement patterns due to injury or neurological conditions that result in foot drop (or a number of other possibilities), the “cuff” or muscles of the hip become weak and unable to provide three-dimensional stability.

I've taught Pilates for more than a decade, so working the hip is not new to me, nor is the concept of teaching stability. But diving into the “why” has allowed me to think about hip stability a bit differently.

In the Pilates, fitness, and PT industries we often hear all about the gluteus medius. Yes, the “glute med” does stabilize the pelvis along with hip abduction and internal rotation, as does the gluteus minimus. However, muscles, especially when stabilizing, are designed to function synergistically. I can’t imagine working with a client to strengthen their rotator cuff and saying “Okay, now let’s work your subscapularis!” The idea is to get all the muscles in that group working together.

When it comes to hip cuff stability, I have been taught that it is more about the deep outward rotators (DOR), AKA the deep external rotator muscle group, which is comprised of the piriformis, obturator internus, obturator externus, gemellus superior, gemellus inferior and quadratus femoris. The DORs function as a group to help hold the head of the femur in the acetabulum and help prevent upward jamming of the femur with hip abduction. This makes its function similar to the rotator cuff’s function at the shoulder joint. It is very interesting and eye opening to hear Meghann’s take on the “hip cuff” and the importance of joint centering, and discussing how the relationship to the spine and shoulder can affect it.

If you want to learn more about the “hip cuff” you should definitely take the Advanced 2-Day Course, but in the meantime you can find some great videos on the Neuro Studio using this concept in neuro-focused workouts. As a member of the Neuro Studio, I find great cueing ideas and have a chance to practice them while moving, which always helps me.

I will continue to explore this concept and others throughout my mentorship with Meghann and Mariska, so stay tuned for next month when I discuss the difference it has made in my body and for my clients (both neuro and non-neuro!).

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Week Intensive of Neurorehab – Review

I just got home from a full week of daily neurorehabilitation at the Kennedy Krieger Institute in Baltimore.

By the end of today, we managed to get my ankle to an active -10 degrees of dorsiflexion (Monday was -25) and passive to +17 (Monday was 0). Since ankle tightness is my major problem, we’re considering that a huge win. I have a home program now to work on to try to keep some of those gains. Sadly, with neurological conditions and especially spasticity, these types of gains tend to be temporary, but having a plan on how to achieve them at all is fantastic. I did improve it with my own tricks, but I wasn’t getting gains like I did today.

How’d we do it? First, I stood on the Galileo for 3 sets of 3 minutes, doing increasingly deep squats to stretch my calves while getting the spasticity to calm down from the oscillating vibration (seriously, this machine is magical, and it actually mediates the stretch reflex, which is hyperactive in spasticity). Then, I did a Mulligan mobilization technique that I had seen but hadn’t regularly done on myself. I did 10 reps of 5 seconds each rep. Next up, I did alternating functional electrical stimulation, working 1 second of plantar-flexion and 1 second of dorsiflexion, for 5 minutes. I placed my foot on a block to allow my foot to point down and see how high I could lift it up (I’ll be doing this on the reformer at home… because everything is better when you add the Pilates!)

After that, we measured my active (me trying to move my ankle) and passive (the PT pushing on my foot to flex my ankle) range of motion to get the measurements I listed above. On Monday, we had set the goal of the end of two weeks to hit 0 degrees of active dorsiflexion, so I’ll keep working at it daily on my own. I’ll head back to Kennedy Krieger in several weeks to get a round of botox to further loosen my calf muscles and then go into twice-weekly PT with them while the botox has weakened by calf muscles (weak is going to be easier to stretch than overly tight). This is a change of plans over where I started on Monday when I was going to be coming for two weeks straight. Botox takes about 3 weeks to take full effect, so I need to first, get the injections and second, start with slightly altered PT when it’s in my system.

We also discovered a bit of a mystery. I’ve realized over several years that I have a lot of difficulty doing open chain hamstring exercises with my left leg (think single leg kick). I always blamed this on quadricep spasticity. What Kristen (PT) discovered is that it’s actually not spasticity. My left quadricep doesn’t know that it needs to turn off to allow my hamstring to fire correctly. So, when I try to move my hamstring (like kicking towards my glutes), I feel a strange stuttered movement. Now that it was pointed out to me, I can actually see my vastus lateralis (quad muscle to the outside of the leg) twitching when I try to bend my knee (we are our own worst clients). This means that it’s actually a coordination issue, not a spasticity issue as I had suspected. Somewhere in my brain (likely in my cerebellum, near where I have some MS lesions), there are some crossed wires. Your cerebellum organizes movement in your body.

For those of you who have taken my workshops, we talk a lot about motor and sensory brain maps. I think that the quadricep and hamstring maps have overlapped, so now part of my physical therapy plan will be exercises to focus on differentiating them. This will involve using e-stim with exercises that move fairly rapidly from knee extension to knee flexion.

Finally, we did a ton of gait videos looking how my gait changed with different levels of orthotics. Some people in the Pilates world are anti-orthotics, but if you’re dealing with a lot of stability and tightness issues, it makes sense to try to have your ankle alignment be as good as possible. The winning orthotic was a very deep heel cup, which prevented my right (good side!) ankle from going from supination to a large pronation on each step.

Still no news on the DEXA scan, so I’ll blog about that when I get the results.

In health,

Mariska

Determining an ASIA Score and the Role of a Physiatrist in Neurorehabilitation

If you don’t have a significant injury or medical condition, you don’t need a physiatrist. You can stop reading.

But if you do have one of the above things, a physiatrist can be one of the most valuable treatment partners you have.

A physiatrist is like a physical therapist, except a medical doctor. His or her specialty is in physical medicine and rehabilitation. Many of them have sub specialties in brain injury, spinal cord injury, neurodegenerative diseases, or orthopedics.

Their focus is on improving function, and unlike most doctors (sorry, most doctors), they have a superb understanding of how the body moves. I have been going to specialists for a very long time, and I will tell you that most general practitioners, liver specialists, neurologists, gynecologists, endocrinologists, etc know slightly more than not very much about movement (and much less than most Pilates professionals or highly trained exercise instructors know).

Today at Kennedy Krieger Institute, I met with their resident physiatrist, Dr. Recio. There was another doctor present, whose name I forget, but who was doing specialized training as a spinal cord injury doctor.

Similar to my first meeting with a physical therapist this week, Dr. Recio did a lot of muscle strength and range of motion tests. He watched my gait (I tripped twice for him – which is actually rare for me – so I guess, um, thanks multiple sclerosis, for showing your tricks today).

Unlike the less specific tests done by the neurophysical therapist, Dr. Recio was trying to figure out my ASIA score. ASIA is an acronym for “American Spinal Injury Association,” and the ASIA score is designed to measure a patient’s spinal cord injury to help figure out a plan for rehabilitation. The doctor measures the strength of 10 muscles (5 upper body/both sides and 5 lower body/both sides). All of my upper body scores were 5. My lower body scores were 5 (complete strength, full range of motion) on everything except hip flexor (4 both sides) and left side dorsifelxor (which scored a 1, which shows there’s a visible weakness and lack of mobility through a normal range of motion).

Apparently, I had an “astonishing” result once he started testing sensory nerves. Although I have measurable weakness in a couple of muscles in my legs, I have zero impact on sensation. Evidently, this is not something he ever sees (oh, to be a medical mystery).

To test sensation, the ASIA test looks at soft touch (sensory nerves for these are close to the surface), which they test by running a Q-tip along your skin to see if you can feel it, and pain, which uses the pinprick test. The doctor uses a stick pin and sticks either the sharp side or the dull side on your body at different points and you say whether it’s the sharp side or not. The spots they hit are called dermatomes, a patch of skin innervated (i.e. The nerves come from the spinal cord to there) at different spinal cord levels.

Somehow (medical mystery), I have a 100% intact sensory system while simultaneously having neurologically affected muscles.

Here’s why that’s so weird.

This is the drawing Dr. Recio made to explain it to me. Look to the right side of the drawing. Do you see the green dot with a triangular shape green thing under it? The green dot that’s on top represents the sensory nerves for the pinprick test. The dot underneath (which he “erased” a little to represent weakness), represents the motor pathways for my leg muscles. They are right next to each other, and somehow, the MS damage I have managed to bypass the (very, very close) sensory system.

So, my ASIA Score is L1 (lumbar 1, indicating the lowest level on the spinal cord was function is still perfect – for me, it’s at the 1st lumbar vertebra), ASIA D. The ASIA Score runs A-E, with A being a complete spinal cord injury (paralysis) and B-D being different measurements of how affected you are (B more, D less). E would be normal function.

This wasn’t the only thing I did today. My meeting with him was over two hours, so I had no physical therapy, but I did have a brief meeting with the social worker and then a full body DEXA scan (bone test – I’ll blog about that soon). Dr. Recio assured me that they had many, many things to do with me that I haven’t tried yet, and that they are the best neurorehab hospital in the country with the most tools for treatment. As nice as everyone is here, I’m inclined to believe he’s right.

There will be a likely change in plans, though. Dr. Recio thinks they need to Botox my leg (again) to weaken the spasticity in my left calf before they try all their rehab tricks. So, I’m not sure if I’ll be here all week next week as well, or if we’re going to move to long term treatment, twice a week for several months.

Stay tuned!

In health,

Mariska

Adventures in Neurorehab – Day 2: Gait, and Stairs, and Therapy Monkeys – Oh My!

Today was Day 2 of my 2 weeks at the Kennedy Krieger Institute in Baltimore, and I have to say, I felt a lot better about what we did today than what we did yesterday. Yesterday was a lot of measurements. Today, was a lot of work.

Since I want to keep this as part of a personal diary so I can go back and remember everything I did, here’s how the day went.

1.  First, Alison (PT) sent me to the Galileo (oscillating vibration plate) to try to tire out my calf muscles and relieve some of the spasticity in them (which is always worse in the morning). I did two 3-minute sets standing on it – one of calf raises and one of just standing.

2. Next up, Alison hooked me up to a sling (it looks quite a lot like a rock climbing harness) because I was going to do a lot of exercises on the treadmill, and to help make it a little easier for me, she hoisted me up a bit by hooking the sling to an attachment on the ceiling, so that I was 30 percent lighter than I actually am. I can’t say that I felt much lighter… because Alison also strapped an ankle weight to my leg that always has a harder time. I walked “normally” (as much as that is possible in this scenario), with her holding onto the back of the harness to help stabilize my hips. Usually, I don’t have any issues stabilizing my hips, but the harness is lifting you up slightly, which makes your pelvis want to rotate. After regular walking, I did side steps (both sides), and then a horrible set where I had to step over a pool noodle with every step of my (weak dorsiflexor/hip flexor) left foot. This was very, very hard for me, as my foot doesn’t clear the ground easily. I may have crushed the pool noodle… Finally, I got to walk without the pool noodle, at a faster pace. My Fitbit tells me the totality of the walking was 2500 steps, but I think it might be off as I had to be reminded to swing my arms. Your arms are through straps in this setup, so natural arm movement doesn’t feel particularly natural.

3. Next, we went to the stairs (just a regular staircase, nothing special). First, Alison wrapped a heavy theraband around my left ankle and I stepped my foot forward to tap the step, lifting  against the weight of the band. I actually teach this exercise in my Pilates for Neurological Conditions courses. It really does work much better if you have someone holding the theraband. When I do it myself, I just tie it to a heavy piece of furniture.

After that, I walked up the stairs without holding on (I usually hold on, since my weaker foot likes to catch the step, which makes me more likely to fall UP the stairs than down them. But because this is PT, and I want (they made me) to do hard things, I walked without holding anything and then with my arms above my head. I also did sideways walking up the steps, bringing one foot to a step and the other foot adjacent to it, and going up that way. It was only difficult on the left side, so I did more reps on that side.

4. Our next exercise actually combined two exercises that I teach in my workshop. One is picking up marbles with your toes and moving them into a container. This works the intrinsic foot muscles. I’m actually very good at it, which I credit less to practice and more to the fact that my mom wouldn’t let us wear shoes in the house, so my foot dexterity is good (as I wear shoes as infrequently as possible, so my feet are pretty flexible). I did this adding e-stim to my dorsiflexors as I was lifting my foot (which I do by itself as an exercise). I liked combining the two because it cuts down on time.

5. Then we put stim on my calves with the setting to TENS, which doesn’t make a muscle contract, but can help tired out the muscle fibers to relax it. I did sets of jumps with the TENS on, again trying to wear out my calves to cut down on the spasticity. I really want to try that out on my jump board, because in general, I can’t do jump board because my leg goes into a kind of spasm called clonus when I land from a jump. Perhaps with the stim being used in that way, it won’t happen. I’ll try it when I get home this weekend.

6. That was it for regular PT, but my main PT Kristen had suggested I would really benefit from dry needling, which I used to do regularly, so I said sure. Now, I remember my strong love-hate relationship with dry needling. It does really help loosen tight muscles. If you have a knot in a muscle, especially one just caused by a muscle strain, get to a dry needler asap. It works amazingly well. It also hurts like a bitch. Excuse my language, but that is mild compared to what I muttered under my breath/in my mind. In dry needling, acupuncture needles are inserted into a muscle, usually at a trigger point, and then wiggled around until the muscle has a spasm. Sometimes, these are really violent spasms (I have bent needles before). Then, for some reason I don’t think scientists have completely figured out, the spasm makes the muscle relax. Not right away, though. First you are very, very sore for a day or two afterwards.

The dry needling PT (Liza) has an identical twin who also works at Kennedy Krieger, which is cool, but also messes with your head when you wonder why Liza keeps changing clothes until you realize there’s also a Vicky.

Coolest thing of the day? There is a woman here who has a THERAPY MONKEY!! You heard me right. There are plenty of dogs at Kennedy Krieger, as dogs are the go-to therapy assistant animal. And anyone who knows me knows I am obsessed with dogs. Dogs, though, are not monkeys. I’ll try to meet said monkey tomorrow. I feel like we’ll be great friends. (To learn more about monkeys for spinal cord patients, check out this link!).

In health,

Mariska

Goal: 0 Percent Dorsiflexion (Adventures in Neurorehabilitation)

Today marks Day 1 of a 2-week exploration of neurorehabilitation at The Kennedy Krieger Institute in Baltimore – one of the nation’s premier spinal cord rehabilitation centers. (Multiple sclerosis is, in case you’re wondering, considered a spinal cord injury).

Most people with my functional ability would be happy with the mobility they have, especially after living almost an entire adulthood with multiple sclerosis. I am not most people. I don’t want good function. I want to get back every shred of lost function… and also to be able to do press up handstands (which wasn’t something I could do… or tried to do… pre-MS).

At times, it’s hard to walk. There have been times where it has been harder than it is currently. There are also days where it is harder than other days. That’s pretty much the nature of MS.

Over the past several years, I have done hundreds of hours of work to try to strengthen and stretch the muscles surrounding my ankle to try to get my leg to work better. And I have maintained the function I recovered from when it was “worst” to “now.” Actually, it improved a lot, but it’s been about three years since things were at their worst, and about 2 years since things have been better and stable. I work almost every day to keep things at my current ability. But I want more improvement than I’ve been getting.

For those of you who have taken my course, you know that one of the most challenging things to work around is spasticity, and it’s my number one problem. Spasticity is abnormal muscle tone that’s common in neurological diseases. When one muscle is incredibly tight, it makes it nearly impossible for the opposing muscle to function correctly.

I came into Kennedy Krieger assuming I would see a lot of my friend, the goniometer. It reminds me of the protractor we used in geometry (my least favorite math subject ever!) and it’s used to measure range of motion of joints. It also measures how soon an active spasm kicks in to limit mobility.

To walk properly, you need about 10 degrees of dorsiflexion of your foot (meaning you can lift your foot up – toes towards your shin 10 degrees off of the floor). When I am lying down on my back, I have -25 degrees of active dorsiflexion (meaning how much I can make my foot move to my shin). So, I’m about 35 degrees from proper function. For me, the main reason for that immobility is that I have so much tightness in my calf muscles, my Achilles’ tendon, the fascia (we think), and there’s also probably some stuff going on with the joint capsule itself. I know from previous MRIs that I have chronic joint effusion (water on the ankle joint) and inflammation of the synovial sack (that makes that fluid). Whether those problems are from the improper movement or contributing to it is a mystery. Perhaps I’ll solve it this week.

First, my PT for the week, Kristen, strength tested all of my leg muscles (scores are from a 0-5, with 5 being perfect). My left leg dorsiflexors are a 3. Most other muscles are a 4 or a 5. I have spasticity in my left calf and quad (which I knew).

Next, we did a 6 minute walk to see how far I could go (1,360 steps). That’s pretty slow. The faster I walk, the more my calf tightens up, so you’ll never see me speed walking. Kristen noticed that my feet like to pronate (roll in) and that my dorsiflexion worsened over the course of the walk. I will say that today was/is a good walking day, so my leg wasn’t showing off it’s neurological issues as much as it could. Often my left leg will also hyperextend when I’m walking (that’s quadriceps spasticity), but that didn’t want to show itself today.

After the stroll, she strapped a belt around my waist that was attached to a computer to measure my gait – it measured pelvic stability (mine is pretty much perfect- thanks Pilates!), stride length, stance time, push off, etc. from one side to the other. My push off was much better on my right leg (stronger calf) and my stride length was longer on that side. When I added in my Walk-Aide (an electrical stimulation device that helps lift my foot into dorsiflexion at the exact right time during gait), I had a more even stride length AND I had a better push off of my left foot. This seemed weird because the device is stimulating the opposite muscle to the one that pushes off, but makes sense when you realize that the left foot has a better heel strike and opportunity to roll through the foot and use more of the force available in the plantar flexor (calves) to walk.

We did about 7 different walks- barefoot, shoes, shoes with orthotics, shoes with different orthotics, shoes without orthotics and with Walk-Aide, and shoes with orthotics and Walk-Aide. The last one yielded the most even gait, so makes sense for me to (continue to) incorporate in my gait training that I’ve been doing. Evidently, I also slightly posteriorly tilt my pelvis when I’m walking (probably to make it easier for my weak left hip flexor to lift my leg). In standing, my pelvis is slightly tilted the opposite direction (anteriorly).

So, we collected some data over a couple of hours. But the dilemma of the tightness remains.

Kristen introduced me to the Galileo, a vibration plate that is used for many neuromuscular issues, as well as to improve strength, balance, and bone density. The Galileo is actually the reason I wanted to come to Kennedy Krieger in the first place. I’ve tried a LOT of things for my left leg over the past decade. I have not tried this.

When people think vibration plates, what generally comes to mind is the Power Plate. They’ve pretty much cornered the market in fitness, but when you’re looking at neurorehab, the Galileo and its types and frequency of side-to-side oscillation have many more scientific studies backing them up. I’m not saying the Power Plate can’t be used for it or won’t work. I have no idea – never been on one. If you have – let me know!

After I used it (3 sets of 2 minutes – 1 standing, 1 standing doing squats, and 1 standing on my left leg only), we immediately measured my active dorsflexion, which had improved from -25 degrees to -18 degrees. Cool! The issue is that this change in spasticity is not shown to be a lasting change… BUT, the question is whether you can use that temporary improvement to work on exercises and stretches in a new, better range of motion that will ultimate improve mobility.

So, Kristen set our goal of getting my foot to an active 0 degrees of dorsiflexion by the end of the next two weeks. Which, honestly, is super ambitious and will be pretty unbelievable if we get there. Some of the things she wants to look at are splinting my leg at night (been there, done that), dry needling (done that, too), aquatic therapy (never tried that one), and joint capsule manual mobilization (haven’t done that one).

Tomorrow, I’m told I’ll have to do running, skipping, jumping tests. I can tell you in advance that I will suck at these. Did I ever mention I was a straight A student. Failure is not fun for me…

On that note, I forgot to mention that my proprioception is pretty much perfect. I do a lot of Pilates.

In health,

Mariska

Neurorehabilitation in the Ocean

I had the great blessing of a childhood spent near a beach. It wasn’t the best beach. The water wasn’t clear, the tourist traps were tacky, and parking was a nightmare. But, I would bet that no one really fares better in childhood fun than those of us lucky enough to be raised near a body of water. 

Every year, I try to do a beach trip. I opt for the Caribbean because it’s a 3-5 hour flight (depending on which island) from where I live. The water is spectacular, and the snorkeling (my favorite activity) is amazing. The photo above was taken by my husband in St. Croix on the 4th of July. He was swimming underneath me – which made me start laughing, and my mask completely filled with water. But I love the photo, because it’s of me in my happiest of happy places.

What I love best about the ocean is that I don’t have MS in the water. It literally just disappears. Of course, it’s not really gone, but I don’t feel it at all. I feel weightless and graceful and pain-free. And when I get out of the water, my walking is much better.

What is so special about the water? I spoke to my friend Theo about it (you should follow his story of spinal cord injury recovery. I dare you not to leave inspired). He does a lot of his rehab in the water.

Water is a gravity neutral environment. That means that restrictions can often float away, making movements that are difficult on land (normal gravity) much easier to practice. And in water, you’re moving against resistance, so even though it can be easier, it’s like you’re adding weight to your workouts.  

There is a lot of clinical evidence supporting aquatic training for neurorehabilitation. In fact, I’m hoping to try one of those programs out soon (more on that if it happens!). But in the meantime, I am reminded that sometimes the best way to practice things like cross-patterning (an essential part of walking) is to do something else that fires those neurons – like swim. The water also connects you to your body in entirely different and profound ways. Every sense is in overdrive as you feel the water lapping around you, hear things differently with your head submerged, have to concentrate on your breath (like, really concentrate). 

One of my doctors even runs scuba trips for his neuro patients because the healing he sees in so profound. Check out this video where he talks about one of his trips with injured vets.

Now, if I can just figure out a way to get an ocean… at my house… in the city.

In health,
Mariska